When using math manipulatives with students who have disabilities, select manipulatives that are connected to the concept and to students' developmental level, as well as incorporating a variety of manipulatives, verbal explanations (student and teacher-led), and programming for instructional transitions from concrete to symbolic representation.
Real-World Application and Problem Solving
In relation to teaching and activating conceptual knowledge, some authorities have suggested contextualizing information in a "real world" context. Embedding the problemsolving information within a real-world context helps students activate their conceptual knowledge when presented with a real-life problem-solving situation (Gagne, Yekovich, & Yekovich, 1993) and improves student motivation, participation, and generalization (Polloway & Patton, 1997). As Mercer, Jordan, and Miller (1994) stated, "If mathematical content is to be relevant to learning, it is imperative that it be presented in a real world context.
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